American Journal of Economics and Business Management

The Analysis on Reward System and Employee Performance in Selected Hotels in Awka, Anambra State Nigeria

Ani Anthony Ejike , Ifeoma Pethronila Okafor , Nwagbala Stella Chinelo — Tue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

Employee’s behaviour in hotels seems to be influenced by conflicting needs ranging from financial to non-financial needs. In view of conflicting needs, the study focused on the extent of relationship between reward system and employee performance in selected Hotels in Awka, Anambra State. The study was anchored on Reinforcement Theory and descriptive survey research design was adopted as a sample of 232 was determined from a total population of 554 being representatives of selected hotels in Awka, Anambra State. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire and bio data were presented using simple frequency and percentage tables while data relating to research questions were analyzed using arithmetic mean. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27). Findings revealed that there is positive relationship between reward system and employee performance in selected Hotels in Awka, Anambra State by indicating a positive relationship between monetary reward and employee engagement; between non-monetary rewards and employee loyalty. The study concluded that effective reward system can contribute to outstanding employee performance as the adoption of monetary and non-monetary reward system have significant effect on the performance of an employee. The study recommended that management of hotels should determine the needs of organizational members through survey or employee’s examination so as to offer a reward that can compel employee engagements.

The Dynamic Effect of the Money Supply on the Leakage of the Hard Currency - A Standard Analytical Study, Iraq as a Model

Raad Mohammed Nada, Uday Tayes Ibrahim , Abu Bakr Amer Hafedh — Tue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The study aims to analyze and measure the impact of each of the money supply and the speed of money turnover on a study period extending from 2004 to 2020, depending on the (ARDL) method. Or the speed of money circulation, and that the monetary policy worked to correct the imbalances that occur in the short term by 76%, and therefore the increase in the money supply and the speed of money circulation is reflected to be negative on the external leakage of the dollar.

While the study recommended reducing dollar sales except for the most necessary cases in order to preserve the US dollar, the study believes that the monetary authorities (the Central Bank of Iraq) are supposed to work to curb the increasing growth in the money supply.

Crisis Management: A Primer

Matthew N. O. Sadiku , Uwakwe C. Chukwu , Janet O. Sadiku — Sun, 10 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

A crisis is an unexpected and sudden event that disturbs an organization. The process of handling such a disruption is called crisis management. Crisis management is about identifying possible threats and drastic changes to the way organizations and their stakeholders do business, and the methods put in place to deal with these threats. No organization is immune to a potential crisis. Crisis management is essential to surviving the challenges of the 21st century. This paper provides a primer on crisis management.

Education Expenditure and Human Capital Development in Nigeria

Oparah Promise Chika, Iloanya Kenneth Okechukwu, Ugochukwu Marius Ndubuisi — Sun, 10 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The paper investigates the effect of government expenditure on education on human capital development in Nigeria. The method of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) - otherwise known as the Classical Least Squares (CLS) – was used to estimate the specified model of the study which was analyzed using the regression analysis, having carried out the ADF test for unit root and cointegration test. Findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between education expenditure and human capital development in Nigeria. However, with the exception of life expectancy index and corruption which were not significant, education expenditure, health expenditure, and government effectiveness have significant effect on human capital development. Based on the findings of the study, the study recommends that: the government should adequately fund education in line with the international benchmark of 25% of the nation’s annual budget. This will help enhance the standard of education in the country. The government should also adequately finance the health sector. This will improve the country’s life expectancy and reduce the increasing medical tourism abroad. Adequate and functional laws should be put in place to help tame the systemic corruption that is eating into the bones and fabrics the nation’s economy.

The Role of the Activity-Based Budgeting Approach in Preparing Planning Budgets and Costs Control: An Applied Study in SDI Company

Nuha Safi Abd — Mon, 11 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The research aims to encourage the industrial sector to use modern costing methods as an activity-based budgeting approach, and the mechanism for using this approach in preparing planning budgets. In order for the industrial sector to be able to provide more accurate information on the activities cost it provides. As well as, tightening control over activities through Activity-based planning budgets. All this contributes to improving the services of this sector and reducing its costs. The researcher sought to achieve this goal by designing planning budgets based on activities in "The State Company for Drugs Industry and Medical Appliances/Samarra" (SDI Company) based on the financial reports and official records of the company collected as well as field visits and personal interviews with a number of officials in the management of this company.

The research also aims to demonstrate the importance of preparing budgets based on the activities that contribute to the planning and cost control process, as well as the extent of this company's commitment to the participation of all departments in preparing budgets. The research concluded that the preparation of planning budgets in the industrial sector in general and in SDI Company contributes to determining and limiting costs and preparing the budget for each activity. In addition, the detailed and analytical financial information provided by Activity-based budgeting about the activities contributes to imposing more accurate and better control over the cost. Moreover, this information facilitates the process of applying the activity-based budgeting system, because it is a planning and control tool that contributes to reducing costs.

Digital Transformation as a Gateway for Enhancing Financial Performance: A Perspective from Iraqi Banking Sector Employees

Dr. Mushtak Mahmood Khalaf AL- Sabawy — Wed, 13 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

This study seeks to investigate the subject of digital transformation by analyzing the correlation between different aspects of digital transformation and financial performance. Additionally, it aims to assess the influence of digital transformation dimensions on financial performance, particularly in the context of the diverse digital changes observed worldwide during and following the (COVID-19) pandemic. One of the notable changes observed in these revolutions is the incorporation of technology inside the banking industry. To accomplish the research aims, a survey instrument in the form of an electronic questionnaire was developed and disseminated to a sample of (103) individuals who are employed in the banking industry of Iraq. The data collected was subjected to analysis using SPSS26 software, resulting in a compilation of theoretical and practical findings as well as recommendations.

Influence of Cooperatives on Sustainable Development Goal of No Poverty in Anambra State, Nigeria

Okeke Uchechi Clare, Chilokwu Okechukwu — Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

This study examined the influence of cooperatives on sustainable development goal of No Poverty in Anambra State, Nigeria using descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, and the inferential statistics such as t-test statistics and the linear regression model on a sample of 277 respondents. Findings revealed that education of farmers, access to land, farm credit, farm inputs have significant influence on no poverty among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. Based on the findings of this study the following recommendations were made: The ministry in charge of cooperative should ensure that farming extension education is given to farmers on a continuing and consistent basis. This is because education of farmers has significant influence on no poverty among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The government through the ministry of agriculture should come up farm settlement sites that will enable farmers have adequate access to land for profitable agricultural production. The government should provide adequate and affordable supervised agricultural credit scheme. This will ensure that agriculture is adequately funded. Adequate farm input should be made available and accessible to farmers for increased agricultural among cooperative farmers in Anambra State.

Determinants of Technical Efficiency Differential among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State

Okeke Onyinye Ifeoma, Anigbogu Theresa Ukamaka — Sun, 17 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

This study examined the determinants of technical efficiency differential among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study specifically examined the effect of agricultural credits, high quality seeds, extension information, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides on the output among cooperative farmers in Anambra State using descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation and the inferential statistics such as t-test statistics and the linear regression model on a sample of 441 respondents. Findings revealed access to agricultural credits, high quality seeds, extension information, fertilizers and insecticides & pesticides significantly influenced the technical efficiency differential proxied by weighted mean of farmers output. The study also revealed the major determinants of technical efficiency differential among cooperative farmers in Anambra State by applying the coefficient of determination (R2) and the F–test. In general, the joint effect of the explanatory variables-independent variables-in the model account for 0.743 or 74.3% of the variations in the technical efficiency differential proxied by weighted mean of farmers output. This implies that 75.0% of the variations in the technical efficiency differential proxied by weighted mean of farmers output are being accounted for or explained by the variations in access to agricultural credits, high quality seeds, extension information, fertilizers and insecticides & pesticides. While other independent variables not captured in the model explain just 25% of the variations in technical efficiency differential proxied by weighted mean of farmers output. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made: The Ministry in charge of cooperative in collaboration with the societies should ensure that adequate credit facilities are provided for farmers. This is because agricultural credits were found to have significant effect on the output cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The Ministry in charge of cooperative in collaboration with the societies should also ensure that high quality seeds and seedling are provided for farmers to enhance their productivity. Extension information should be readily made available to the farmers to enable have access to modern farming practices and techniques. The Ministry in charge of cooperative in collaboration with the societies should also ensure that high quality fertilizers are provided for farmers to enhance their productivity and output. To prevent insect and pest attacks on farms, the government should make available high quality insecticides and pesticides to the farmers.

The Impact of External Reserve on the Performance of Manufacturing Industry in Nigeria

Wosu Chidi, ThankGod Tonye — Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

This study investigates external reserve and performance of manufacturing industry in Nigeria spanning from 1981 to 2020. Data for the study were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and world banks world development indicators 2021. The model of the study was subjected to unit root test using the augmented dickey fuller unit root approach. The augmented dickey fuller unit root result revealed a mixed order of integration. This implies that some of the variables were stationary at levels while other became stationary after first difference. Based on this, the auto-regressive distributive lag model was adopted to ascertain the both the short-run and long-run result as well as the speed of adjustment. The auto-regressive distributive lag bound test result reported existence of long-run relationship between the variables. Further result revealed that, exchange rate and share of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product indicate that exchange rate is positive to influence share of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product. Also, external reserve and share of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product revealed that external reserve has a negative but significant relationship with share of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product. Finally, foreign direct investment and share of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product showed a positive but insignificant between foreign direct investment and share of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product. In the long-run. The study recommended among others that government should adopt a blend of monetary and fiscal policy measures to grow the economy. This implication of this is that fiscal policy measures will help the government improve on her external reserve which can also be allocated to critical sectors of the economy like the manufacturing sector.

Macroeconomic Disturbances and the Nigeria Oil Economy: Are Monetary and Fiscal Policy Tools Relevant?

Silva Opuala-Charles , Deebii Nwiado — Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

This paper examines the connection between the consumer price index (CPI) and crude oil price volatility. Due to her hazardous reliance on a single commodity (crude oil), the Nigerian economy frequently suffers shocks as a result of commodity price volatility. The paper explores the path taken by oil price shocks from the global commodities market to domestic Nigerian macroeconomic to impact variables like the CPI. The researcher also incorporates imported gasoline, foreign reserves, the domestic interest rate, and other variables that are thought to be responsible for macroeconomic distortions within the country in its study. We discovered that the variables in the study had a weak long-run cointegration connection using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. However, the domestic consumer price index (CPI), oil volatility, foreign reserves, and gasoline import are all strongly correlated over the short term. Oil price volatility is not directly transferred to the domestic economy through exchange rate. Other factors such as grants, transfers, and remittances from the diaspora also influence how it behaves. We came to the conclusion that domestic consumer behavior, or the consumer price index (index), is largely a function of the volatility of crude oil prices, but that the same behavior is also influenced by factors like external reserves and the cost of imported gasoline. The pathway for imported inflation is not determined by exchange rates.

The Role of Contemporary Performance Measures in Enhancing Growth Opportunities: An Applied Study on the Rasheed Commercial Bank of Iraq (2014-2020)

Riyadh Hamzah Kadhim, Husham Abdul Khudhur Sukkar Alothman — Thu, 21 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The study aimed to determine the role of contemporary performance measures in enhancing growth for the Rasheed Commercial Bank of Iraq by uncovering the relationship between financial performance, which helps assess the bank's ability to create value and its future growth reflected in revenue strength and credit utilization rate, and growth opportunities measured by deposit growth and cash credit growth indicators. This study focused on the use of these indicators to evaluate the bank's financial performance. To achieve the study's objectives and hypothesis, the Rasheed Commercial Bank was selected as the sample for the study, and financial data from the bank were utilized. Financial equations and statistical methods were employed to process the data, and the results were extracted using the SPSS software version 24. By relying on the multiple regression method to test the study's hypotheses, the results of the first hypothesis indicated a correlation of about 78% between financial performance indicators (revenue strength and capital utilization rate) and growth indicators (deposit growth rate). The results of the second hypothesis showed a correlation of approximately 62% between financial performance indicators (revenue strength and capital utilization rate) and growth indicators (cash credit growth rate). However, both the first and second hypotheses were rejected due to the significance level being greater than 0.05, as assumed by the researcher for both hypotheses. The study concluded that there is no statistically significant relationship despite a moderate association between financial performance indicators and growth indicators. The researcher recommended that the management of the Rasheed Commercial Bank expand its activities to play a more significant role in the financial sector.

Investigating the Effect of the Income Smoothing Practice on the Ability to Predict Financial Failure: An Analytical Study of a Sample of Banks Listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange

Ali Saad Mohammed — Sun, 24 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

This research aims to determine the effect of measuring income smoothing on the ability to predict the financial failure of banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The research sample consisted of ten private local commercial banks registered in the Iraq Stock Exchange for the fiscal period from 2016 to 2021. This study used the (Miller, 2009) model to measure smoothing income as an independent variable and the (Z-Sherrod, 1987) model to measure the dependent variable predicting financial failure.

A set of statistical tools and methods, such as arithmetical averages and regression analysis, were utilized with the help of a set of statistical programs (SPSS and Microsoft Excel) to analyze the dataset. The study resulted in a set of purposeful conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is a positive relationship between the measurement of income smoothing and the ability to predict financial failure.

Igbo’s Apprenticeship Style in Entrepreneurial Activity and Economic Development of the South East Region: A Study of International Market, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Abba, Ugochukwu Evaristus, Ani, J. O, Ugochukwu Marius Ndubuisi — Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The study examined the Igbo’s apprenticeship style in entrepreneurial activity and economic development of the South East Region: A Study of Margret Uhahi International Market, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey design, A Sample of 400 were drawn from the population of the market through purposive sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. The data generated in the study was analyzed using simple percentage to answer the responses on each item while simple regression through SPSS was used to test the two hypotheses formulated in the study. The findings revealed that inadequate capital, fire incidence and lack of government support remained the major challenges facing the Igbo’s entrepreneurial activity which has negatively affected the economic development of South East Region. Therefore, arising from the findings, the paper reached the conclusion that the Igbo’s apprenticeship styles in entrepreneurial activity has contributed immensely to the economic development of the south east region in the area of self-reliance, improve on the living standard of living of the people, reduction of unemployment and poverty among the people of the South East Region and to the Nigeria economy. In view of the above, the paper recommended that the South East governors should partnerships with the Igbo entrepreneurs to give them the necessary attention and support in the South East. Also, that the government should establish a special financial institution were the victim fire or any other disasters could get immediate small scale loan to support the business.

The Repercussions of The Iraqi Stock Market Indicators on The Industrial Sector

Dr Mohammed Salman Jassem, Dr Qahtan Lafta Attia — Wed, 27 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The Iraqi Stock Exchange did not contribute to improving the industrial sector by providing capital and transferring it from savers to investors for the purpose of establishing or expanding projects, as well as the low contribution of the industrial sector to activating the indicators of the Iraqi Stock Exchange. On this basis, the study was launched from the hypothesis that: The Iraqi Stock Exchange is one of the important tools in revitalizing the industrial sector, through listing industrial companies in the financial market and offering industrial shares to the public, and then providing the necessary financing to revitalize the industrial sector, and the study concluded. The decline in the percentage of the industrial sector’s contribution to the gross domestic product, in addition to the decline in demand for securities as a result of the decline in cash income and individual savings rates, in addition to the decline in investment awareness, as well as the preference of some to possess fixed assets such as real estate or deposits in banks.

Therefore, it is assumed that industrial sector companies will be listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, for the purpose of enabling the Iraq Stock Exchange to support the growth of the industrial sector, with the privatization of some government companies by offering them for public subscription, such as the Iraqi Airways Company, which is considered one of the leading companies, and whose subscription may be successful. on her. Thus, it is reflected in increasing the company's ability to succeed and attract liquidity.

The Impact of Toxic Assets on Financial Performance under the Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS 9): An Empirical Study in Iraqi Banks

Ali Kareem Salman, Alaa Ghaleb Ali, Ehsan Fadhil Mohammed — Wed, 27 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of hazardous assets on financial performance within the framework of implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS 9) in the Iraqi setting. The present study investigated a representative sample of twelve financial institutions that are publicly traded on the Iraq Stock Exchange, spanning the time frame from 2011 to 2020. The variables of the study were assessed by quantitative measurements, utilizing the statistical software SPSS, and employing a range of statistical techniques. The findings of the study revealed a significant correlation among the three primary variables under investigation, namely toxic or non-performing assets, financial performance, and the implementation of the IFRS 9 standard. Moreover, the researchers also illustrated the adverse influence of toxic assets on financial performance subsequent to the implementation of the IFRS 9 standard. This factor played a role in diminishing the levels of financial performance within the banks included in the sample of the study.

Nigeria’s Rising Debt Profile and Economic Growth Nexus

Enemuo-Uzoezie Chuka Chinekwu , Okoye Nwamaka J. F — Thu, 28 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0500

Nigeria has been battling with rising domestic and external debts for over a decade now after her debt cancellation during the President Olusegun Obasanjo regime. Today, due to dwindling economic fortunes as a result of the deteriorating world prices of their primary exports, in Nigeria’s case, oil, the country has resorted to borrowing domestically and externally to run the government. This study therefore examines Nigeria’s rising debt profile and economic growth nexus. The study applied modern econometric analytical techniques namely: Co-integration, unit root test and ordinary least square (OLS) for the data analysis. The results revealed that external debt stock, domestic debt stock, inflation rate, exchange rate, gross capital formation, corruption perception index, interest rate had significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. The results further revealed that with the exception of domestic debt stock, exchange rate and gross capital formation all the other variables had negative significant effect on growth in Nigeria. In line with the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made: To address the challenge of external debt stock, the government should implement sound macroeconomic policies that keep the accumulation of external debt within sustainable limits. They should also implement structural policies that ensure an efficient use of savings and investment. To address the challenge of domestic debt stock monetary policy tools, such as interest rates and money supply should be adjusted to manage the money market and the economy. The apex financial institution can increase can increase interest rates to reduce borrowing and control inflation. To address the challenge of other included variables in the model, the government should consider banning the use of foreign currency within the country; banning locals from possessing foreign currency; restricting currency exchange to government-approved exchangers; the use fixed exchange rates and restricting the amount of currency that may be imported or exported; Enabling and proactive laws should be put in place to check corruption and corrupt practices.