The Necessity and Possibilities of Introducing Water-Saving Technologies in Agriculture in The Republic of Karakalpakstan

Abstract

Water scarcity in arid regions such as Karakalpakstan poses serious threats to agricultural sustainability, economic stability, and public health, exacerbated by the ecological consequences of the Aral Sea crisis. Despite efforts to implement modern irrigation systems, most agricultural lands in Karakalpakstan continue to rely on traditional irrigation methods, resulting in inefficient water use, soil salinization, and reduced productivity. The limited and inconsistent application of water-saving technologies, compounded by a lack of farmer training and institutional support, hinders effective water management and the realization of long-term agricultural goals. This study investigates the necessity, current state, and potential for introducing modern water-saving technologies—such as drip and sprinkler irrigation—in Karakalpakstan’s agricultural sector. Findings indicate that only 7% of irrigated land utilizes modern systems, while traditional methods still dominate. Adoption remains uneven across years, with significant fluctuations in implementation, undermining consistency. The research highlights the systemic barriers to effective adoption, including weak legal foundations, lack of technical training, and insufficient support services, making this a comprehensive case study for sustainable irrigation transformation in post-crisis regions. A scientifically grounded, institutionalized approach—focused on education, technical maintenance, and strategic policy—is essential for achieving sustainable water use and boosting agricultural productivity. These insights provide a foundation for policy development not only in Karakalpakstan but also in similar ecologically vulnerable regions globally.