Sri Ramakrishna Movement and Bengali Bhadralok Culture in 19th-Century Kolkata: A Critical Analysis

Abstract

The 19th century was a transformative era in Bengal, marked by a confluence of Western modernity and Indian traditions that reshaped socio-cultural and spiritual landscapes. At the heart of this renaissance was the Sri Ramakrishna Movement, which profoundly influenced the evolving ethos of the Bengali bhadralok (gentleman) culture. This paper critically examines the lasting impact of Sri Ramakrishna’s teachings on prominent intellectuals and reformers, including Narendra Nath Dutta (later Swami Vivekananda), Keshab Chandra Sen, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Girish Chandra Ghosh, alongside the movement's intricate relationship with the Brahmo Samaj—a socio-religious reform initiative shaped by Western influences and intellectual aspirations of the time.

The analysis delves into how Sri Ramakrishna’s mysticism, universalism, and practical spirituality challenged sectarian orthodoxy and redefined bhadralok values, fostering a synthesis of tradition and progress. It also highlights Swami Vivekananda’s pivotal role in institutionalizing these ideals, extending their global reach, and advancing social reform. The paper evaluates the transformative potential of the movement while addressing its limitations, particularly in confronting systemic inequalities of caste and gender, offering a nuanced perspective on its enduring legacy in 19th-century Bengal and its relevance in contemporary discourses.