India and the Indo-Pacific: Responses to China's Maritime Expansion
Keywords:
Indo-Pacific, China’s maritime expansion, Indian Navy, strategic partnerships, maritime security, regional geopoliticsAbstract
The Indo-Pacific region has increasingly become the focal point of strategic and economic rivalry in the 21st century, primarily due to China's expansive and forceful naval stance. This strategic environment has triggered a reassessment of regional security policies, with India emerging as a key player in balancing the evolving power dynamics. As China continues to enhance its maritime strength, construct artificial islands, and press territorial claims in disputed waters such as the South China Sea, concerns have intensified regarding the undermining of the international rules-based order and unimpeded maritime access in the Indo-Pacific.
India’s response to China’s maritime expansion is characterized by an integrated approach involving military modernization, strategic alliances, and multilateral engagement. The Indian Navy has undergone significant upgrades, marked by the induction of advanced warships, submarines, and surveillance systems aimed at enhancing naval situational awareness and operational readiness. This upgrade initiative aligns with India’s vision of securing its maritime interests, particularly across the critical sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) that are vital for its trade and energy supplies.
Geopolitically, India has deepened its two-party and multilateral partnerships with strategic allies through frameworks such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) involving the United States, Japan, and Australia. These partnerships underscore a collective resolve to ensure an unrestricted, transparent, and collaborative Indo-Pacific. India has also actively participated in maritime drills like Malabar, which serve as platforms to enhance operational coordination and project shared defense posture against unilateral maritime actions.
Additionally, India’s Act East Policy and programs such as SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) reflect its commitment to transnational linkage, security, and cooperative development. Through capability enhancement programs and maritime cooperation with Southeast Asian, Pacific, and African coastal states, India aims to strengthen regional resilience against aggressive sea tactics.
This paper explores the geopolitical imperatives behind India's strategic posture and analyzes how its responses to China’s maritime expansion are shaping regional dynamics. It further investigates the effectiveness and sustainability of India's Indo-Pacific policy amidst shifting alliances, economic interdependencies, and emerging non-traditional security threats.
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