The Socio-Economic Factors Responsible for Smuggling in Babura and Maigatari Border Towns, Jigawa State, Nigeria
Keywords:
Factors Responsible, Smuggling, Socio-economicAbstract
This study examines the socio-economic factors responsible for smuggling in Babura and Maigatari Border towns, Jigawa State, Nigeria. The major aim of this research is to explore the social and economic factors responsible for smuggling in border towns. The study adopted survey research design and a total of 380 respondents were selected for the study. However, the study utilized cluster, purposive, and availability sampling techniques. Findings reveal that poverty and unemployment are the major factors responsible for smuggling in Babura and Maigatari border towns. In view of the findings, it is recommended that government should address poverty and unemployment by creating more job opportunities and improving economic conditions in border communities to reduce the incentive for smuggling; enhance border control measures with advanced surveillance technology such as drones and automated systems to monitor and secure porous borders effectively; implement stricter anti-corruption measures within customs and law enforcement agencies to prevent smugglers from bypassing enforcement efforts and finally, fostering stronger relationships between border communities and law enforcement by improving communication, trust, and reporting mechanisms for suspicious activities.
References
1. Abdulkadir, M., & Yusuf, A. (2020). The dynamics of border security and trans-border crimes: A case study of Nigeria's border regions. African Security Studies, 39(2), 189-204.
2. Abolarin, M. S., & Oluwafemi, A. J. (2019). Trans-border crimes and Nigeria's national security: Implications for policy. Journal of Security and Strategic Studies, 1(1), 45-62.
3. Adepoju, O., & Ihegboro, C. O. (2020). Border security and its implications for trans-border crimes: A study of Nigeria's border regions. Journal of Border Security and Immigration, 3(1), 30-45.
4. Adetayo, A. (2019). Border Management in Nigeria: Challenges and Solutions. Security Journal, 20(4), 156-172.
5. Adewuyi, A. O. (2017). Impact of Smuggling on the Nigerian Economy. Journal of Development Studies, 35(2), 215-228.
6. Amundsen, I. (2010). Good Governance in Nigeria: A Study in Political Economy and Donor Support. NUPI Report.
7. Andreas, P. (2000). Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide. Cornell University Press.
8. Bahmani, O., & Goswani, G.G (2003). Smuggling and currency substitution: Evidence from developing countries. Open Economies Review, 14(4), 379-393
9. Bhagwati, J. (2004). In Defense of Globalization. Oxford University Press
10. Columbian, D. (1993). Smuggling and Border Control: Historical and Policy Perspectives. Trans-border Journal, 43 (21), 83-112
11. Deflem, M. (2016). The policing of terrorism: Organizational and global perspectives. Sociology Compass, 10(4), 344-355.
12. Eze, O.R. (2015). Corruption and the challenges of border control in Nigeria. Nigerian journal of social sciences, 11(2), 113-128.
13. Fagbohun, O., & Oladije, T. (2018). Rural poverty and smuggling in Nigeria’s border communities. African Journal of social sciences, 21(1), 33-49
14. Fishman, R., & Wei, S. J. (2004). Tax rates and tax evasion: Evidence from “missing imports” in china. Journal of Political Economy, 112(2), 471-496.
15. Gimba, M. (2018). Inter-agency cooperation and border security: The Nigerian experience. Security and Development, 21(3), 345-362.
16. Ibrahim Y., & Bello, M.A. (2020). Border control, corruption, and smuggling in Nigeria. The complicity of state actors. Journal of African Borderlands studies, 1 (1), 56-72
17. Ojo, F. (2019). Risk-based profiling and border security: A case study of Nigeria's customs service. Journal of Risk Analysis, 31(2), 178-193.
18. Reuter, P., & Majmundar, M. (Eds.). (2015). Understanding the U.S illicit tobacco market: National Academies Press.
19. Udoma, I.O. (2020) Impact of smuggling on economic development in Nigeria. A critical appraisal. International journal of economic development research and investment, 11(2), 45-48
20. Ukoha, A. O. (2018). Cross-border crime and the state: Astudy of smuggling network in Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 36(3), 341-359.
21. White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2002) National Drug Control Strategy: 2002 Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the president. https://www.ncrjrs.go
