Present Status and Role of Distance Education in Rajasthan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31150/ajshr.v4i5.2213Keywords:
distance education, outside classroom, emerging technology, Rajasthan, hybR&D, qualitativeAbstract
Distance Education “is a process to create and provide access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both.” In other words, distance learning is the process of creating an educational experience of equal qualitative value for the learner to best suit their needs outside the classroom.Distance education courses that require a physical on-site presence for any reason including the taking of examinations is considered to be a hybR&D or blended course of study.This emerging technology is becoming widely used in universities and institutions in Rajasthan also alongwith many cities in India and around the globe. With the recent trend of technological advance, distance learning is becoming more recognized for its potential in providing individualized attention and communication with students Rajasthan in this paper.
References
Kaplan, Andreas M.; Haenlein, Michael (2016). "Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster". Business Horizons. 59 (4): 441–50. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2016.03.008.
Honeyman, M; Miller, G (December 1993). "Agriculture distance education: A valid alternative for higher education?" (PDF). Proceedings of the 20th Annual National Agricultural Education Research Meeting: 67–73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2015.
Anderson, Terry; Rivera Vargas, Pablo (June 2020). "A Critical look at Educational Technology from a Distance Education Perspective". Digital Education Review (37): 208–229. doi:10.1344/der.2020.37.208-229. hdl:2445/172738. ISSN 2013-9144. S2CID 225664918.
Dron, Jon; Anderson, Terry (2014). Teaching Crowds: Learning and Social Media. AU Press.
Tabor, Sharon W (Spring 2007). "Narrowing the Distance: Implementing a Hybrid Learning Model". Quarterly Review of Distance Education. IAP. 8 (1): 48–49. ISBN 9787774570793. ISSN 1528-3518. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Vaughan, Dr Norman D. (2010). "Blended Learning". In Cleveland-Innes, MF; Garrison, DR (eds.). An Introduction to Distance Education: Understanding Teaching and Learning in a New Era. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-415-99598-6. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
"Simonson, Michael and Berg, Gary A.. "distance learning"". Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
Holmberg, Börje (2005). The evolution, principles and practices of distance education. Studien und Berichte der Arbeitsstelle Fernstudienforschung der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg [ASF] (in German). Vol. 11. Bibliotheks-und Informationssystem der Universitat Oldenburg. p. 13. ISBN 3-8142-0933-8. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Alan Tait (April 2003). "Reflections on Student Support in Open and Distance Learning". The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 4 (1). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v4i1.134.
IAP. distance learning... a magazine for leaders volume 2 number 6. p. 18. ISBN 9787774554229.
Moore, Michael G.; Greg Kearsley (2005). Distance Education: A Systems View (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-50688-7.
Robinson, Cole, Elizabeth (2012). "The Invisible Woman and the Silent University". ProQuest LLC. ISBN 9781267371676.
"The Evolution, Principles and Practices of Distance Education, Borj Holmberg, Bibliotheks-und Informationssytem der Universitat Oldenburg 2005 page 15" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
Rothblatt, Sheldon; Muller, Detlef K.; Ringer, Fritz; Simon, Brian; Bryant, Margaret; Roach, John; Harte, Negley; Smith, Barbara; Symonds, Richard (1988). "Supply and Demand: The "Two Histories" of English Education". History of Education Quarterly. 28 (4): 627–44. doi:10.2307/368852. JSTOR 368852. S2CID 2488future6.
""History", University of London External Programme Website". Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
""Key Facts", University of London External Programme Website". Londonexternal.ac.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
Tatum Anderson (16 May 2007). "History lessons at the people's university". Guardianabroad.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
"William Rainey Harper". president.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
Levinson, David L (2005). Community colleges: a reference handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 69. ISBN 1-57607-766-7. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Von V. Pittman, Correspondence Study in the American University: A Second Historiographical Perspective, in Michael Grahame Moore, William G. Anderson, eds. Handbook of Distance Education pp 21-36
Joseph F. Kett, Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties: From Self-Improvement to Adult Education in America (1996) pp 236-8
J.J. Clark, "The Correspondence School—Its Relation to Technical Education and Some of Its Results," Science (1906) 24#611 pp 327-8, 332, 333. Clark was manager of the school's text-book department.
Clark, "The Correspondence School" (1906) p 329
Kett, Pursuit of Knowledge Under Difficulties, p 240
William Millikan (2003). A Union Against Unions: The Minneapolis Citizens Alliance and Its Fight Against Organized Labor, 1903–1947. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-87351-499-6.
White, Michael (2009). "Distance education in Australian higher education – a history". Distance Education. 3 (2): 255–78. doi:10.1080/0158791820030207.
Francis Lee (2009). Letters and bytes: Sociotechnical studies of distance education. Francis Lee. p. 48. ISBN 9789173935180.
Lee, Francis (2008). "Technopedagogies of mass‐individualization: Correspondence education in the mid twentieth century". History and Technology. 24 (3): 239–53. doi:10.1080/07341510801900318. S2CID 144728618.
Ellen L. Bunker, "The History of Distance Education through the Eyes of the International Council for Distance Education," in Michael Grahame Moore, William G. Anderson, eds. Handbook of Distance Education pp 49-66
"Who we are". www.icde.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
"13.2 HISTORY OF DISTANCE EDUCATION". members.aect.org. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Bizhan Nasseh. "A Brief History of Distance Education". Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
"The OU story". 12 March 2014.
"History". The Open University. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Byrne, T. C. (1989). Athabasca University The Evolution of Distance Education. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press. p. 135. ISBN 0-919813-51-8.
"History of UNED (in Spanish)". ES. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
"Three Decades". UK: FernUniversität in Hage. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Daniel, John S (1998). Mega-Universities and Knowledge Media: Technology Strategies for Higher Education. Routledge. ISBN 0-7494-2634-9. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
"School closures caused by Coronavirus (COVID-19)". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
"290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
Hood, Micaela (1 May 2020). "Virtual learning gets mixed reviews from Pocono parents".
Raymond, Jonathon (28 April 2020). "Georgia awards $21 million in digital learning grants".
Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020). "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective". Sustainability. 12 (20): 8438. doi:10.3390/su12208438.
Jelińska, Magdalena; Paradowski, Michał B. (2021). "Teachers' engagement in and coping with emergency remote instruction during COVID-19-induced school closures: A multi-national contextual perspective". Online Learning Journal. 25 (1): 303–328. doi:10.24059/olj.v25i1.2492.
Deflem, Mathieu (2021). "The Right to Teach in a Hyper-Digital Age: Legal Protections for (Post-)Pandemic Concerns". Society. 58 (3): 204–212. doi:10.1007/s12115-021-00584-w. PMC 8161721. PMID 34075264.
Mukhtar, Khadijah; Javed, Kainat; Arooj, Mahwish; Sethi, Ahsan (May 2020). "Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era". Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 36 (COVID19–S4): S27–S31. doi:10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2785. ISSN 1682-024X. PMC 7306967. PMID 32582310.
Hew, Khe Foon; Jia, Chengyuan; Gonda, Donn Emmanuel; Bai, Shurui (21 December 2020). "Transitioning to the "new normal" of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms". International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. 17 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s41239-020-00234-x. ISSN 2365-9440. PMC 7750097. PMID 34778516.
Bower, Matt (1 May 2011). "Synchronous collaboration competencies in web‐conferencing environments – their impact on the learning process". Distance Education. 32 (1): 63–83. doi:10.1080/01587919.2011.565502. ISSN 0158-7919. S2CID 17247273.
Veletsianos, George (2020). Learning online : the student experience. Johns Hopkins University. Press. Baltimore, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-4214-3810-8. OCLC 1145122616.
Lever-Duffy, Judy; McDonald, Jean B (March 2007). Teaching and Learning with Technology. Ana A. Ciereszko, Al P. Mizell (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 377. ISBN 978-0-205-51191-4. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Brown, Robbie (7 June 2013). "A Swiveling Proxy That Will Even Wear a Tutu". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
"Robot brings classroom to sick students". Norwich Bulletin. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
"From a Spot on the Wall to a Seat at the Table – CEPSE/COE Design Studio". Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Meyer, Leila (24 February 2015). "Michigan State Tests Telepresence Robots for Online Students -". Campus Technology. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
Burns, Mary. Distance Education for Teacher Training: Modes, Models and Methods. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
"Air college talk". WNYC. 2 December 1931. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Cuban, Larry (15 June 1986). Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920. Teachers College Press. ISBN 978-0-8077-2792-8.
Tyson, Levering (1936). "Ten Years of Educational Broadcasting". School and Society. 44: 225–31.
Lloyd Allen Cook. (1938). Community Backgrounds of Education: A Textbook and Educational Sociology, pp 249–250
Strauss, Valerie; Hines, Michael. "Perspective | In Chicago, schools closed during a 1937 polio epidemic and kids learned from home — over the radio". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
White, Theresa Mary (1988). "Coping with Administrative Pressures in the Chicago Schools' Superintendency: An Analysis of William Henry Johnson, 1936-1946". Loyola University Chicago. p. 126. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
Foss, Katherine A. (5 October 2020). "Remote learning isn't new: Radio instruction in the 1937 polio epidemic". The Conversation. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
Dwayne D. Cox and William J. Morison. (1999). The University of Louisville, pp 115–117
Vyse, Stuart. "Before Carl Sagan and Neil deGrasse Tyson, There Was Dan Q. Posin". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
Cuban. (1986). Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920, pp 19–26
Christopher H. Sterling; Cary O'Dell (2011). The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio. Routledge. p. 609. ISBN 978-1-135-17684-6.
Robert J. Taggart. (2007). "The Promise and Failure of Educational Television in a Statewide System: Delaware, 1964–1971." American Educational History Journal, 24 (1), 111–122. online
Cuban. (1986).Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology Since 1920, pp 27–50
Gold, Larry; Maitland, Christine (1999). Phipps, Ronald A.; Merisotis, Jamie P. (eds.). What's the difference? A review of contemporary research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Withrow, Frank (1 June 1997). "Technology in Education and the Next Twenty-Five Years". T.H.E. Journal.
Ray Percival (28 November 1995). "Carry on learning". New Scientist.
Gail S. Thomas (1 February 1988). "Connected Education, Inc". Netweaver. Electronic Networking Association. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
Bates, Tony (18 January 2016). "Celebrating the 30th anniversary of the first fully online course". www.tonybates.ca. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
"Accreditation". US: Jones International University. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Walton Radford, Alexandria. "Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and Degree Programs" (PDF). National Center for Education Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
"Accreditation". DEAC. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Lederman, Doug (8 January 2013). "Growth for Online Learning". InsideHigherEd. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Blackmore, C., van Deurzen, E., & Tantam, D. (2007). Therapy training online: Using the internet to widen access to training in mental health issues. In T. Stickley & T. Basset (Eds.) Teaching Mental Health (pgs. 337-352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jedlicka, J. S., Brown, S. W., Bunch, A. E., & Jaffe, L. E. (2002). A comparison of distance education instructional methods in occupational therapy. Journal of Allied Health, 31(4), 247-251.
Stanton, S. (2001). Going the distance; Developing shared web-based learning programmes. Occupational Therapy International, 8(2), 96-106.
Maggio, L. M., Chenail, R., & Todd, T. (2001). Teaching family therapy in an electronic age. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 20(1), 13-23.
Orr, P. (2010). Distance supervision: Research, findings, and considerations for art therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37, 106-111.
Stebnicki, M. A. & Glover, N. M. (2001). E-supervision as a complementary approach to traditional face-to-face clinical supervision in rehabilitation counseling: Problems and solutions. Rehabilitation Education, 15(3), 283-293.
Olszewski-Kubilius, Paula; Corwith, Susan. "Distance Education: Where It Started and Where It Stands for Gifted Children and Their Educators." Gifted Child Today, v. 34 issue 3, 2011, pp. 16–24,.
Sazmandasfaranjan, Yasha; Shirzad, Farzad; Baradari, Fatemeh; Salimi, Meysam; Salehi, Mehrdad (2013). "Alleviating the Senses of Isolation and Alienation in the Virtual World: Socialization in Distance Education". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 93: 332–7. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.199.
"Community of Inquiry site". Athabasca University.
Anderson, Terry; Dron, Jon (2011). "Three generations of distance education pedagogy". The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 12 (3): 80–97. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.890.
Oblinger, Diana G. (2000). "The Nature and Purpose of Distance Education". The Technology Source. Michigan: Michigan Virtual University (March/April). Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Masson, M (December 2014). "Benefits of TED Talks". Canadian Family Physician. 60 (12): 1080. PMC 4264800. PMID 25500595.
Fischer, Christian; Baker, Rachel; Li, Qiujie; Orona, Gabe Avakian; Warschauer, Mark (2022). "Increasing success in Higher Education: The relationships of online course taking with college completion and time-to-degree". Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 44 (3): 355–379. doi:10.3102/01623737211055768. ISSN 0162-3737. S2CID 244498785.
Nguyen, Tuan (June 2015). "The Effectiveness of Online Learning: Beyond No Significant Difference and Future Horizons" (PDF). MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. 11 (2): 309–319. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2015.
"Educational Benefits of Online Learning" (PDF). CalPoly.edu. 1998: 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Yuan, Y. Connie; Gay, Geri (2006). "Homophily of Network Ties and Bonding and Bridging Social Capital in Computer-Mediated Distributed Teams". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 11 (4): 1062–84. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00308.x.
"Benefits of Online Education". Worldwidelearn.com. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
Kirtman, Lisa (Fall 2009). "Online Versus In-Class Courses: An Examination of Differences in Learning Outcomes" (PDF). Issues in Teacher Education. 18 (2): 103–115. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Woods, Michael L.; Maiden, Jeffrey; Brandes, Joyce A. (15 December 2011). "An Exploration of the Representation of Students with Disabilities in Distance Education". Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. 14 (4). Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Brown, Robbie. (2013). The New York Times. A Swiveling Proxy That Will Even Wear a Tutu
Regan, Elizabeth. "Robot brings classroom to sick students". The Bulletin.
Elizabeth Regan (2014). "Robot brings classroom to sick students". Norwich Bulletin. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020.
"Cyber-charter Schools: The end of Public Education or a New Beginning". 22 November 2010.
Burgstahler, S.,"Equal Access: Universal Design of Distance Learning". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Casey, Anne Marie; Lorenzen, Michael (2010). "Untapped Potential: Seeking Library Donors among Alumni of Distance Learning Programs". Journal of Library Administration. 50 (5–6): 515–29. doi:10.1080/01930826.2010.488597. S2CID 62142672.
Andreas Kaplan (2021). "Business Schools: Going Digital Simply Must Make Sense!".
Goldenberg, Joel. "Quebec can become a 'leader in distance learning" at universities: MEI". The Suburban Newspaper. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
Östlund, Berit. "Stress, disruption and community — Adult learners' experiences of obstacles and opportunities in distance education". Department of Child and Youth Education, Special Education and Counselling, Umeå University. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
Galusha, Jill M. "Barriers to Learning in Distance Education". Archived from the original on 29 February 2000. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Stephens, D. (July 2007). "Quality issues in distance learning" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2012.
Gabriel (March 2011). "Online and Hybrid Course Enrollment and Performance in Washington State Community and Technical Colleges".
"Unleashing the potential of ODL - "Reaching the unreached"" (PDF). Symbiosis Center for Distance Learning. 24 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2018.
"GoDaddy Corporate Domains - Protected".
Barwick, Daniel W. "Views: Does Class Size Matter?". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Hellman, Judith Adler. "The Riddle of Distance Education." Geneva. 1 June 2003.
Nasiri, Fuzhan; Mafakheri, Fereshteh (2014). "Postgraduate research supervision at a distance: A review of challenges and strategies". Studies in Higher Education. 40 (10): 1962–9. doi:10.1080/03075079.2014.914906. S2CID 144996503.
Garrison, D.R. (20 May 2011). E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Framework for Research and Practice. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-83876-9[page needed]
Soekartawi, Haryono, A. & Librero, F. 2002. Greater Learning Opportunities Through Distance Education: Experiences in Indonesia and the Philippines. Journal of Southeast Asian Education, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 283–320. Retrieved from [1]
Keevy, James; Chakroun, Borhene (2015). Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century (PDF). Paris, UNESCO. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-92-3-100138-3.
