Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Teachers of Nepal: Did Locale Contribute it’s in School Settings?
Corresponding Author(s) : Milan Shrestha
American Journal of Economics and Business Management,
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020): AJEBM
Abstract
The locale promotes the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) among the school teachers. The OCB is the crucial factor to enhance the effective leadership in schools. Thus, locale are related with OCB among teachers. This study aims to assess the level of OCB and examine the influences of locale in OCB among school teachers. It incorporated a post-positivist paradigm with cross-sectional survey design. The information was obtained from a cluster consisting 345 respondents by using survey questionnaire. More specifically, the data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and ‘t’ test. In the meantime, social capital theory was used to discuss the findings. Moreover, the locale of school teachers contributes to determine the high level of OCB whereas the urban locale teachers exhibit more citizenship behavior in school. This high level of OCB furnished teachers contribute to exhibit high job performance, commitment, and effectiveness in their schools.
Keywords
Organizational citizenship behavior
Social capital theory
Locale
Job performance
Teachers
Shrestha, M., & Subedi, D. (2020). Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Teachers of Nepal: Did Locale Contribute it’s in School Settings?. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 3(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.31150/ajebm.v3i1.92
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References
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Ali, U., & Waqar, S. (2013). Teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior working under different leadership styles. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(2), 297-316.
Amintojjar, H., Shekari, G., & Zabihi, M. R. (2015). The effect of social capital on organizational citizenship behavior: A case study of employees in Mashhad Municipality. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 4(2015), 144-153.
Ang, S., Ng, K., & Goh, K. (2004). Motivational traits and self-development OCB: A dimensional and configurational analysis. In D. L. Turnipseed (Ed.) Handbook of organizational behavior: A review of ‘good soldier’ activity in organizations (pp. 265-287). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Babbie, E. (2011). The basics of social research (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cengage Learning.
Bakhtiari, M., Masoumi, S. S., & Abdollahi, M. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior as a driving force of social capital. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, 3(SP), 321-324.
Bateman, T. S. & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595. doi: 10.2307/255908
Best, J. W. (1977). Research in education. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. doi: 10.4103/1117-1936.173959
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. doi: 10.4103/1117- 1936.173959
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Capital (pp. 241-58). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to Reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Bukhari, Z. U., Ali, U., Shahzad, K., & Bashir, S. (2009). Determinants of organizational citizenship behavior in Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(2), 132-150.
Chhetri, S. B. (2017). Predictors and outcomes of employee engagement: Empirical study of Nepali employees. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(1), 14-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbmr.v2il-2.18149.
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). California: Sage publication.
District Education Office. (2016). Educational report of Dhading district- 2016. Retrieved from http://www.deodhading.gov.np
Ehtiyar, V. R., Alan, A. A., & Omuris, E. (2010). The role of organizational citizenship behavior on university student’s academic success. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 16(1), 47-61.
Farzianpour, F., Foroushani, A. R., Kamjoo, H., & Hosseini, S. S. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among the managers of teaching hospitals. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(3), 534-542.
Fazackerley, A. (2013). Why are many academics on short-term contracts for years? The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/feb/04/academic-causal-contracts-higher-education
Fox, S. & Spector, P. E. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior checklist (OCB-C). Retrieved from http://www.shell.cas.usf.edu/~pspector/scales/ocbcpag.html
Garg, P., & Rastogi, R. (2006). Climate profile and OCBs of teachers in public ans private schools of India. International Journal of Education and Management, 20(7), 529-541. doi: 10.1108/095135 40610704636
Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions (2012 ed.). Asheboro, NC: Statistical publishing associates.
Gautam, T., Dick, R. V., Wagner, U., Upadhyay, N. & Davis, A. J. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment in Nepal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 8(3), 336-345. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X2005.00172X
Gaventa, J. (2003). Power after lukes: A review of the literature. Brighton: Institute of Development studies.
Gwelo, A. S. (2019). Determinants of career choice among university students. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(1), 1-19.
Hecke, T. V. (2010). Power study of Annova versus Kruskal-Wallis test. Journal of Statistics and Management System, 15(2-3), 241-247. doi:10.1080/09720510.2012.10701623
Hertzog, M. A. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 31, 180-191. doi:10.1002/nur.20247.
Khalid, S. A., Jusoff, H. K., Othman, M. Ismail, M., & Rahman, N. A. (2010). Organizational citizenship behavior as a predictor of student academic achievement. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(1), 66-71.
Kilinc, A. C. (2014). A quantitative study of the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: Perceptions of Turkish primary school teachers. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 3(2), 69-78.
Lam, C. F., Wan, W. H., & Roussin, C. J. (2016). Going the extra mile and feeling energized: An enrichment perspective of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 379-391.
Lehmann, I. J. (1962). Some socio-cultural differences in attitudes and values. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 36(1), 1-9. doi:10.2307/2264592
Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology. (2017). Educational brochure 2017. Kathmandu: Author.
Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration. (2017). Description of local bodies. Kathmandu: Author.
Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and reliability. Economic Series, 17(4), 59-82. doi: 10.26458/1746.
Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (2012). Managing Organizational behavior (10th ed.). New Delhi: Cenage learning India Pvt. Ltd.
Moorman, R., Brower, H., & Grover, S. (2018). Organizational citizenship behavior and trust: The double reinforcing spiral. In P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. Mackenzie, & N. P. Podsakoff (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (pp. 285-296). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780 1902 19000.013.20
Moreno, E. A. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior in schools: The principal’s influence. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), San Diego State University: San Diego.
Muhammad, S. K. (2012), Role of commitment in the development of employee’s citizenship behavior: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(20), 247-254.
Muniandy, S. (2016). Organisational citizenship behavior (OCB) among teachers: The difference between individual (OCB-I) and organizational (OCB-O) level citizenship behaviour in rural and urban primary schools in Sabah, Malaysia. The International Journal of Business and Management, 4(12), 274-293.
Newland, S. J. (2012). Organizational citizenship behavior- individual or organizational citizenship behavior- organization: Does the underlying motive matter? (Master theses, Western Kentucky University). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=2162&context=theses
Nuesca, R. L. M., & Balacy, G. M. V. (2019). Organizational culture and citizenship behavior of the city government of Digos. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 4(2), 1-13. doi:10.9734/AJESS/2019/v4i230115
Omar, I. M., Zulazmi, N. I. L., & Ladin, C. A. (2019). Effect of lecturer’s transformational leadership on students’ employability: Malaysian technical and vocational education & training institutions. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(2), 72-91.
Organ, D. W. (2018). The roots of organizational citizenship behavior. In P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. Mackenzie, & N. P. Podsakoff (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (pp. 285-296). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780 1902 19000.013.2
Ozdem, G. (2012). The relationship between the organizational citizenship behaviors and the organizational and professional commitments of secondary school teachers. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 6(2), 47-64. doi: 10.20460/JGSM.2012615773
Paydar, F., & Salehi, M. (2017). The role of cultural capital in organizational citizenship behavior (Case study: Azad University of Mahmudabad). Review of European Studies, 9(2), 130-137. doi: 10.5539/res.v9n2p130
Poohongthong, C., Surat, P., & Sutipan, P. (2014). A study on the relationships between ethical leadership, work-life balance, organizational socialization, and organizational citizenship behavior of teachers in Northern Thailand. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 9(2), 17-28.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Santos, J. R. A. (1999). Cronbach’s alpha: A tool of assessing the reliability scales. Journal of Extension, 37(2), 1-5.
Schutt, R. K. (2014). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research. New York, NY: Sage Publications
Semela, T. (2005). Extra role behavior in educational organizations in Southern Ethopia: Some implications for school effectiveness. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 21(2), 15-37.
Sesen, H., Soran, S., & Caymaz, E. (2014). Dark side of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): Testing a model between OCB, social loafing, and organizational commitment. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 5(5), 125-135.
Shabbir, M., & Wei, S. (2015). Job satisfaction variance among public and private school teachers, case of Pakistan administrative Kashmir. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 574-583. doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p574
Shabbir, M., Wei, S., Nabi, G., Zaheer, A. N., & Khan, H. (2014). Job satisfaction status of public primary school teachers: A case of Pakistan administrative Kashmir. European Journal of Education Sciences, 1 (4), 56-71.
Shrestha, M. (2019). Contributions of school related attributes on job satisfaction: An cross-sectional study on school teachers in Nepal. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(4), 23-44.
Subedi, B. (2017). Relationship between the head teacher leadership attributes and school climate in community schools of Nepal. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kathmandu University: Kavre.
Subedi, D. (2010). Organizational citizenship behavior for cultural regeneration in higher education. Unpublished Master of Philosophy dissertation on education, Kathmandu University: Kavre.
Terzi, A. R. (2015). Organizational commitment and citizenship behaviors among teachers. Anthropologist, 21(1,2), 350-360.
Waterfield, J. (2015). Using Bourdieu’s theoretical framework to examine how the pharmacy educator views pharmacy knowledge. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(10), 1-8.
Wicks, D. (1996). The dynamics of compliance: Influences of individual responses to institutional expectations. (Doctoral thesis, York University). Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22937.pdf
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617. doi:10.1177/014920639101700305
Wright, P. (2008). Perceptions of leadership effectiveness in the management of intergenerational work-values conflict: An antecedent of organizational citizenship behavior of preoperative registered nurses. (Doctoral thesis, Walden University). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1629& context=dissertations
Yamane, T. (1967). Elementary sampling theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Yamoah, E. E. (2013). Reward systems and teachers’ performance: Evidence from Ghana. Canadian Social Science, 9(5), 57-62.doi:10.3968/j.css.1923669720130905.2547
Yusuf, H. A., Amzat, I. H., & Saidin, K. B. (2019). The mediating effect of school-based management on school climate, bureaucracy and effectiveness in secondary schools. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(3), 19-42.
References
Ali, U., & Waqar, S. (2013). Teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior working under different leadership styles. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(2), 297-316.
Amintojjar, H., Shekari, G., & Zabihi, M. R. (2015). The effect of social capital on organizational citizenship behavior: A case study of employees in Mashhad Municipality. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 4(2015), 144-153.
Ang, S., Ng, K., & Goh, K. (2004). Motivational traits and self-development OCB: A dimensional and configurational analysis. In D. L. Turnipseed (Ed.) Handbook of organizational behavior: A review of ‘good soldier’ activity in organizations (pp. 265-287). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Babbie, E. (2011). The basics of social research (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cengage Learning.
Bakhtiari, M., Masoumi, S. S., & Abdollahi, M. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior as a driving force of social capital. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, 3(SP), 321-324.
Bateman, T. S. & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595. doi: 10.2307/255908
Best, J. W. (1977). Research in education. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. doi: 10.4103/1117-1936.173959
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. doi: 10.4103/1117- 1936.173959
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Capital (pp. 241-58). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to Reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Bukhari, Z. U., Ali, U., Shahzad, K., & Bashir, S. (2009). Determinants of organizational citizenship behavior in Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(2), 132-150.
Chhetri, S. B. (2017). Predictors and outcomes of employee engagement: Empirical study of Nepali employees. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(1), 14-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbmr.v2il-2.18149.
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). California: Sage publication.
District Education Office. (2016). Educational report of Dhading district- 2016. Retrieved from http://www.deodhading.gov.np
Ehtiyar, V. R., Alan, A. A., & Omuris, E. (2010). The role of organizational citizenship behavior on university student’s academic success. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 16(1), 47-61.
Farzianpour, F., Foroushani, A. R., Kamjoo, H., & Hosseini, S. S. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among the managers of teaching hospitals. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(3), 534-542.
Fazackerley, A. (2013). Why are many academics on short-term contracts for years? The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/feb/04/academic-causal-contracts-higher-education
Fox, S. & Spector, P. E. (2011). Organizational citizenship behavior checklist (OCB-C). Retrieved from http://www.shell.cas.usf.edu/~pspector/scales/ocbcpag.html
Garg, P., & Rastogi, R. (2006). Climate profile and OCBs of teachers in public ans private schools of India. International Journal of Education and Management, 20(7), 529-541. doi: 10.1108/095135 40610704636
Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions (2012 ed.). Asheboro, NC: Statistical publishing associates.
Gautam, T., Dick, R. V., Wagner, U., Upadhyay, N. & Davis, A. J. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment in Nepal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 8(3), 336-345. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X2005.00172X
Gaventa, J. (2003). Power after lukes: A review of the literature. Brighton: Institute of Development studies.
Gwelo, A. S. (2019). Determinants of career choice among university students. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(1), 1-19.
Hecke, T. V. (2010). Power study of Annova versus Kruskal-Wallis test. Journal of Statistics and Management System, 15(2-3), 241-247. doi:10.1080/09720510.2012.10701623
Hertzog, M. A. (2008). Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies. Research in Nursing and Health, 31, 180-191. doi:10.1002/nur.20247.
Khalid, S. A., Jusoff, H. K., Othman, M. Ismail, M., & Rahman, N. A. (2010). Organizational citizenship behavior as a predictor of student academic achievement. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(1), 66-71.
Kilinc, A. C. (2014). A quantitative study of the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: Perceptions of Turkish primary school teachers. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 3(2), 69-78.
Lam, C. F., Wan, W. H., & Roussin, C. J. (2016). Going the extra mile and feeling energized: An enrichment perspective of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 379-391.
Lehmann, I. J. (1962). Some socio-cultural differences in attitudes and values. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 36(1), 1-9. doi:10.2307/2264592
Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology. (2017). Educational brochure 2017. Kathmandu: Author.
Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration. (2017). Description of local bodies. Kathmandu: Author.
Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and reliability. Economic Series, 17(4), 59-82. doi: 10.26458/1746.
Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (2012). Managing Organizational behavior (10th ed.). New Delhi: Cenage learning India Pvt. Ltd.
Moorman, R., Brower, H., & Grover, S. (2018). Organizational citizenship behavior and trust: The double reinforcing spiral. In P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. Mackenzie, & N. P. Podsakoff (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (pp. 285-296). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780 1902 19000.013.20
Moreno, E. A. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior in schools: The principal’s influence. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), San Diego State University: San Diego.
Muhammad, S. K. (2012), Role of commitment in the development of employee’s citizenship behavior: Evidence from banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(20), 247-254.
Muniandy, S. (2016). Organisational citizenship behavior (OCB) among teachers: The difference between individual (OCB-I) and organizational (OCB-O) level citizenship behaviour in rural and urban primary schools in Sabah, Malaysia. The International Journal of Business and Management, 4(12), 274-293.
Newland, S. J. (2012). Organizational citizenship behavior- individual or organizational citizenship behavior- organization: Does the underlying motive matter? (Master theses, Western Kentucky University). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=2162&context=theses
Nuesca, R. L. M., & Balacy, G. M. V. (2019). Organizational culture and citizenship behavior of the city government of Digos. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 4(2), 1-13. doi:10.9734/AJESS/2019/v4i230115
Omar, I. M., Zulazmi, N. I. L., & Ladin, C. A. (2019). Effect of lecturer’s transformational leadership on students’ employability: Malaysian technical and vocational education & training institutions. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(2), 72-91.
Organ, D. W. (2018). The roots of organizational citizenship behavior. In P. M. Podsakoff, S. B. Mackenzie, & N. P. Podsakoff (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (pp. 285-296). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780 1902 19000.013.2
Ozdem, G. (2012). The relationship between the organizational citizenship behaviors and the organizational and professional commitments of secondary school teachers. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 6(2), 47-64. doi: 10.20460/JGSM.2012615773
Paydar, F., & Salehi, M. (2017). The role of cultural capital in organizational citizenship behavior (Case study: Azad University of Mahmudabad). Review of European Studies, 9(2), 130-137. doi: 10.5539/res.v9n2p130
Poohongthong, C., Surat, P., & Sutipan, P. (2014). A study on the relationships between ethical leadership, work-life balance, organizational socialization, and organizational citizenship behavior of teachers in Northern Thailand. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 9(2), 17-28.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Santos, J. R. A. (1999). Cronbach’s alpha: A tool of assessing the reliability scales. Journal of Extension, 37(2), 1-5.
Schutt, R. K. (2014). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research. New York, NY: Sage Publications
Semela, T. (2005). Extra role behavior in educational organizations in Southern Ethopia: Some implications for school effectiveness. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 21(2), 15-37.
Sesen, H., Soran, S., & Caymaz, E. (2014). Dark side of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): Testing a model between OCB, social loafing, and organizational commitment. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 5(5), 125-135.
Shabbir, M., & Wei, S. (2015). Job satisfaction variance among public and private school teachers, case of Pakistan administrative Kashmir. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 574-583. doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p574
Shabbir, M., Wei, S., Nabi, G., Zaheer, A. N., & Khan, H. (2014). Job satisfaction status of public primary school teachers: A case of Pakistan administrative Kashmir. European Journal of Education Sciences, 1 (4), 56-71.
Shrestha, M. (2019). Contributions of school related attributes on job satisfaction: An cross-sectional study on school teachers in Nepal. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(4), 23-44.
Subedi, B. (2017). Relationship between the head teacher leadership attributes and school climate in community schools of Nepal. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kathmandu University: Kavre.
Subedi, D. (2010). Organizational citizenship behavior for cultural regeneration in higher education. Unpublished Master of Philosophy dissertation on education, Kathmandu University: Kavre.
Terzi, A. R. (2015). Organizational commitment and citizenship behaviors among teachers. Anthropologist, 21(1,2), 350-360.
Waterfield, J. (2015). Using Bourdieu’s theoretical framework to examine how the pharmacy educator views pharmacy knowledge. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(10), 1-8.
Wicks, D. (1996). The dynamics of compliance: Influences of individual responses to institutional expectations. (Doctoral thesis, York University). Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22937.pdf
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617. doi:10.1177/014920639101700305
Wright, P. (2008). Perceptions of leadership effectiveness in the management of intergenerational work-values conflict: An antecedent of organizational citizenship behavior of preoperative registered nurses. (Doctoral thesis, Walden University). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1629& context=dissertations
Yamane, T. (1967). Elementary sampling theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Yamoah, E. E. (2013). Reward systems and teachers’ performance: Evidence from Ghana. Canadian Social Science, 9(5), 57-62.doi:10.3968/j.css.1923669720130905.2547
Yusuf, H. A., Amzat, I. H., & Saidin, K. B. (2019). The mediating effect of school-based management on school climate, bureaucracy and effectiveness in secondary schools. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM), 7(3), 19-42.
Amintojjar, H., Shekari, G., & Zabihi, M. R. (2015). The effect of social capital on organizational citizenship behavior: A case study of employees in Mashhad Municipality. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 4(2015), 144-153.
Ang, S., Ng, K., & Goh, K. (2004). Motivational traits and self-development OCB: A dimensional and configurational analysis. In D. L. Turnipseed (Ed.) Handbook of organizational behavior: A review of ‘good soldier’ activity in organizations (pp. 265-287). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Babbie, E. (2011). The basics of social research (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cengage Learning.
Bakhtiari, M., Masoumi, S. S., & Abdollahi, M. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior as a driving force of social capital. International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, 3(SP), 321-324.
Bateman, T. S. & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595. doi: 10.2307/255908
Best, J. W. (1977). Research in education. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. doi: 10.4103/1117-1936.173959
Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22(4), 195-201. doi: 10.4103/1117- 1936.173959
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Capital (pp. 241-58). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to Reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Bukhari, Z. U., Ali, U., Shahzad, K., & Bashir, S. (2009). Determinants of organizational citizenship behavior in Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(2), 132-150.
Chhetri, S. B. (2017). Predictors and outcomes of employee engagement: Empirical study of Nepali employees. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(1), 14-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbmr.v2il-2.18149.
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). California: Sage publication.
District Education Office. (2016). Educational report of Dhading district- 2016. Retrieved from http://www.deodhading.gov.np
Ehtiyar, V. R., Alan, A. A., & Omuris, E. (2010). The role of organizational citizenship behavior on university student’s academic success. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 16(1), 47-61.
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